Anxiety boosts progression of prediabetes to type 2 diabetes: findings from the prospective Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg F4 and FF4 studies.

AIM: To investigate the association between anxiety symptoms and the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A sample of 1708 participants aged 31-82 years from the population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg F4 and the follow-up Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg FF4 studies was included. Prediabetes was defined as impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance, and anxiety status was measured by the generalized anxiety disorder-7 questionnaire. Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes cases were identified after 6.5 years (11 102 person-years) and confirmed by medical records. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to estimate the effect of prediabetes and anxiety on the incidence of type 2 diabetes with different levels of adjustments for potential confounders. The population attributable risk of type 2 diabetes in participants with prediabetes and anxiety was estimated. RESULTS: Prediabetes at baseline was prevalent in 247 participants, of whom 77 developed diabetes after follow-up, accounting for a progression rate of 31%. In participants with prediabetes, high anxiety was associated with a 3-fold increased risk of progression to type 2 diabetes in comparison with low anxiety, even after accounting for socio-demographic, lifestyle and metabolic risk factors (OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 0.95-8.37, P = 0.06). A significant proportion of incident type 2 diabetes was attributed to having anxiety in addition to prediabetes (attributable risk proportion: 0.52; 95% CI = 0.004-1.04, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety symptoms independently increase the progression risk of prediabetes to type 2 diabetes and should be routinely considered alongside the traditional risk factors in people with prediabetes.

Cumulative effect of depressed mood and obesity on type II diabetes incidence: Findings from the MONICA/KORA cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and depression both individually contribute to the risk of Type II Diabetes (T2DM). The extent to which obesity can be set-off by depression is unknown. METHODS: In a sample of 9340 participants followed for 15.4 years (79,372 person-years) from the prospective MONICA/KORA population-based cohort conducted in Southern Germany, we investigated the impact of obesity, defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 30, and depression on the incidence of T2DM using Cox Proportional Hazards Regression. RESULTS: The relative risk of T2DM was over 6 fold higher among obese participants in comparison to normal weight participants (HR 6.05; 95% CI 4.82 to 7.59; p < .0001). Nonetheless, among participants with obesity, comorbidity of depression was associated with an additional 2 fold risk T2DM (HR 8.05, 95% CI 5.90-10.98; p < .0001). This finding corresponded to an increase in the 15.4-year absolute risk of T2DM from 15.9 cases per 1000 person-years (py) in participants with obesity but not depression, to 21.4 cases per 1000 py for participants with obesity and depression. Further analysis of joint effects and Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction disclosed that depressed mood is associated with significantly higher risk of T2DM in participants with obesity, and to a lesser extent in overweight participants, however an association was not found in normal weight participants. CONCLUSIONS: The present investigation discloses that despite the overreaching importance of obesity as a risk factor for T2DM, there is room for depressed mood to add measurable risk prediction.

Life satisfaction is a protective factor against the onset of Type 2 diabetes in men but not in women: findings from the MONICA/KORA cohort study.

AIMS: To investigate the association of high life satisfaction with incident Type 2 diabetes separately in men and women. METHODS: A longitudinal analysis was conducted among the 7107 participants (3664 men, 51.5%; 3443 women, 48.5%) aged 25-74 years (mean ± sd age 47.8 ±13.7 years) of two population-based MONICA/KORA surveys conducted in 1989-1995 and followed up until 2009. Life satisfaction was assessed using a one-item instrument with a six-order response level, which was dichotomized into high vs medium or low. Sex-specific hazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Crude incidence rates for Type 2 diabetes per 10 000 person-years were lower in participants with high than in those with medium or low life satisfaction (men: 57 vs 73; women: 37 vs 48). In men with high life satisfaction, there was a 27% risk reduction in incident Type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio 0.73, 95% CI 0.56-0.94; P=0.02) in a model adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioural and clinical risk factors. The association lost statistical significance after further adjusting for depressed mood (hazard ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.61-1.03). Life satisfaction was not significantly associated with incident Type 2 diabetes in women. CONCLUSION: Life satisfaction may be a valuable asset in assessing risk of Type 2 diabetes, especially in men, and in the development of more effective prevention strategies to deter onset of diabetes. More research is needed to investigate the underlying potential causal pathways that may link life satisfaction to the development of Type 2 diabetes.

Determination of cisapride in pharmaceutical preparations using derivative spectrophotometry.

Derivative spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC) were described for the determination of cisapride in pharmaceutical preparations. Spectrophotometrically, cisapride was determined by measuring the 1D-values at 264, 300 nm and 2D-values at 276, 290 and 276-290 nm. Beer's Law was obeyed in the range 2-12 microg ml(-1). The HPLC method depends upon using micropack-Si-10 column at ambient temperature with a mobile phase consisting of methanol-concentrated ammonia (99.25:0.75) at a flow rate of 1 ml min(-1). Quantitation was achieved by UV detection at 272 nm using quinine as internal standard. Calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 2-10 microg ml(-1). Both derivative spectrophotometry and HPLC methods showed good linearity, precision and reproducibility. No interference was found from tablet or suspension matrices at the selected derivative wavelengths and chromatographic conditions. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the assay of commercial tablets and suspension. The procedures were rapid, simple and suitable for quality control applications.